A synopsis is presented for the Neotropical genus Cyrtopodium. Type data, taxonomic status, geographical distribution, and nomenclatural and taxonomic notes are presented for each species. A total of 116 names have been proposed in the genus, of which 50 are accepted here (47 species and three subspecific taxa). The identity of five species in the list is unclear. Forty names are synonyms in the genus, five are nomina nuda, and 21 belong in other genera including Eulophia, Koellensteinia, Otostylis, Eriopsis, Tetramicra, and Oncidium. Brazil, with 39 species, is the country with the highest number of species, followed by Bolivia and Venezuela, with nine species each. The main center of diversity of the genus is the cerrado vegetation of central Brazil, were 29 taxa are found. Field and taxonomic research on the genus in the last 15 years has led to the description of 19 new and accepted species, most from central Brazil. Eight lectotypifications and one new synonym are proposed. Cyrtopodium flavum is recognized as the accepted name for C. polyphyllum.